Citrus aurantium – Bitter orange

Description

The Citrus aurantium, also known as the sour orange or bitter orange, is a citrus tree known for its fruits and essential oils.

The fruits of the Citrus aurantium are smaller than those of the sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) and have a thick, wrinkled skin. The flesh of the fruit is sour and bitter, making it less suitable for direct consumption.
The tree produces white, fragrant flowers known as neroli. These flowers are often used in the perfume industry.
The leaves are dark green, glossy, and oval in shape. They are sometimes used to produce petitgrain oil, another important product in the perfume industry.

The Citrus aurantium is probably native to Southeast Asia, but has been cultivated for centuries in various parts of the world, including the Mediterranean, the Middle East, and North Africa.
Today, the tree is cultivated in many (sub)tropical areas around the world, including Southern Europe, South America, and parts of the United States.

The peel of the fruit is often used to make marmalade, liqueurs (such as Curacao and Triple Sec), and candied orange peel. The juice is sometimes used in marinades and sauces.
The flowers (neroli), leaves (petitgrain), and fruits (bitter orange oil) are used to produce essential oils that are popular in the perfume industry and aromatherapy.
In traditional medicine, various parts of the plant are used for their supposed health benefits, such as improving digestion and reducing anxiety.

The Citrus aurantium thrives best in a warm, subtropical to tropical climate. It is not winter hardy and cannot tolerate frost.
The tree prefers well-drained, fertile soil with a slightly acidic to neutral pH.
Full sun is ideal for optimal growth and fruit production.

Young trees need regular watering, but once established they are fairly drought tolerant. It is important to keep the soil moist but not waterlogged.
During the growing season, the tree may benefit from a balanced fertilizer formulated specifically for citrus trees.
Pruning is usually not necessary, except to remove dead or damaged branches and to maintain the shape of the tree.